tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-60014898561651275182024-03-18T23:12:02.550-07:00Computer NetworkingUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger29125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-56636082261645534582012-12-18T03:30:00.000-08:002012-12-18T03:30:12.081-08:00Straight-Through and Cross-Over cables <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="color: #ff9900; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;">Straight-Through and
Cross-Over cables</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #783f04;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Straight-Through
Cabling</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAV0_btIu5QaWPXpDUmtH9OoFg6MLO3iW22Ao3jnVVVq0iWs8Q4Od5PR51SGsg_kaH1fKvYEN8yzaF9NL5Pjao71MsT4V9HxqUoE1Pu1aaLv36etyexskdsSx74sCznUV4YSm8b6HhE0E/s1600/cat5_pin_assgmt_strt.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><img border="0" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAV0_btIu5QaWPXpDUmtH9OoFg6MLO3iW22Ao3jnVVVq0iWs8Q4Od5PR51SGsg_kaH1fKvYEN8yzaF9NL5Pjao71MsT4V9HxqUoE1Pu1aaLv36etyexskdsSx74sCznUV4YSm8b6HhE0E/s320/cat5_pin_assgmt_strt.gif" width="320" /></span></b></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">CAT 5 UTP cabling usually
uses only four wires when sending and receiving information on the network. The
four wires, which are used, are wires 1, 2, 3, and 6. When you configure the
wire for the same pin at either end of the cable, this is known as a
straight-through cable.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #783f04;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Cross-Over
Cabling</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4yQfsdZ8da3LvjB-obMXf1CmEyC6uaPpQhSVpfk5LYBBPJ_tdLyqd_9kkegJYAOaXpB2tqccOIWiVvbSTEaAYRf-x31In6_I5reTmJUnRjQpJOOnHpdy2PgGV_8gANFFTvM-RSlOJ0kw/s1600/cat5_pin_assgmt_crossover.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><img border="0" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4yQfsdZ8da3LvjB-obMXf1CmEyC6uaPpQhSVpfk5LYBBPJ_tdLyqd_9kkegJYAOaXpB2tqccOIWiVvbSTEaAYRf-x31In6_I5reTmJUnRjQpJOOnHpdy2PgGV_8gANFFTvM-RSlOJ0kw/s320/cat5_pin_assgmt_crossover.gif" width="320" /></span></b></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">If we use want to connect
two computers together with a straight-through cable, we can see that, the
transmit pins will be connected to transmit pins and receive pins will be
connected to receive pins. We will not be able to connect two computers or two
hubs together using straight through cables.</span></b><span style="color: #666666;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com18tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-57258959542577047562012-12-18T03:22:00.000-08:002012-12-18T03:22:43.130-08:00Common Network Cables<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"> Common Network Cable types</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; text-align: center;">Cables are commonly used
to carry communication signals within LAN. There are three common types of
cable media that can be used to connect devices to a network and they are
coaxial cable, twisted-pair cable, and fiber-optic cable.</span></span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #783f04;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Coaxial
cable</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI5ku8-c_3tfLvOWPOkueLtXJ6BVM1nezo2OZ8exn8fG12iqioAhlqbL-30J9iiEzf8uGlTC6Wfl4-7YsPEPlPri6TTcnv8Gu2d5Q_PkFFDDm-R8-FjnlrgehZ3SgC-wwhlqsga3hL3I0/s1600/1262569791562_hz_myalibaba_web11_15415.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI5ku8-c_3tfLvOWPOkueLtXJ6BVM1nezo2OZ8exn8fG12iqioAhlqbL-30J9iiEzf8uGlTC6Wfl4-7YsPEPlPri6TTcnv8Gu2d5Q_PkFFDDm-R8-FjnlrgehZ3SgC-wwhlqsga3hL3I0/s320/1262569791562_hz_myalibaba_web11_15415.jpg" width="320" /></span></b></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">Coaxial cable looks
similar to the cable used to carry TV signal. A solid-core copper wire runs
down the middle of the cable. Around that solid-core copper wire is a layer of
insulation, and covering that insulation is braided wire and metal foil, which
shields against electromagnetic interference. A final layer of insulation
covers the braided wire.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">There are two types of coaxial
cabling: thinnet and thicknet. Thinnet is a flexible coaxial cable about ¼ inch
thick. Thinnet is used for short-distance. Thinnet connects directly to a
workstation’s network adapter card using a British Naval Connector (BNC). The
maximum length of thinnet is 185 meters. Thicknet coaxial is thicker cable than
thinnet. Thicknet cable is about ½ inch thick and can support data transfer
over longer distances than thinnet. Thicknet has a maximum cable length of 500
meters and usually is used as a backbone to connect several smaller
thinnet-based networks.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">The bandwidth for coaxial
cable is 10 mbps (mega bits per second).<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #783f04;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Twisted
Pair Cable</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQxp5p-NtP-cbxX_ANHKJFy4xRu0h8WoWVRs52Uc1LXVAu34ifVhxUnjLM8pGkGlrGAEidStZXAtKfLgTfBaJses_dFMLgMvDFbyPMBbWO7BFu_x1cg4yABrqBf1is_SjNjyakzf3ZGBc/s1600/cable-multi-utp-c3-out.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQxp5p-NtP-cbxX_ANHKJFy4xRu0h8WoWVRs52Uc1LXVAu34ifVhxUnjLM8pGkGlrGAEidStZXAtKfLgTfBaJses_dFMLgMvDFbyPMBbWO7BFu_x1cg4yABrqBf1is_SjNjyakzf3ZGBc/s320/cable-multi-utp-c3-out.jpg" width="320" /></span></b></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">Twisted-pair cable is the
most common type of cabling you can see in todays LAN networks. A pair of wires
forms a circuit that can transmit data. The pairs are twisted to provide
protection against crosstalk, the noise generated by adjacent pairs. When a
wire is carrying a current, the current creates a magnetic field around the
wire. This field can interfere with signals on nearby wires. To eliminate this,
pairs of wires carry signals in opposite directions, so that the two magnetic
fields also occur in opposite directions and cancel each other out. This
process is known as cancellation. Two Types of Twisted Pairs are Shielded
Twisted Pair (STP) and Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP).<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">Unshielded twisted-pair
(UTP) cable is the most common networking media. Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP)
consists of four pairs of thin, copper wires covered in color-coded plastic
insulation that are twisted together. The wire pairs are then covered with a
plastic outer jacket. The connector used on a UTP cable is called a Registered
Jack 45 (RJ-45) connector. UTP cables are of small diameter and it doesn’t need
grounding. Since there is no shielding for UTP cabling, it relies only on
the cancellation to avoid noise. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">UTP cabling has different
categories. Each category of UTP cabling was designed for a specific type of
communication or transfer rate. The most popular categories in use today is 5,
5e and 6, which can reach transfer rates of over 1000 Mbps (1 Gbps).<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #783f04;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Optical
Fiber Cable</span></u></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji0BAZscqAyN5ouKsUCot_HmdPglk8AcCEYkHEqGUbRz4RxWtNQSNnuPQsAHiwDvvdHB6qw9Xs0HFECqx70M4P36BNH2u2I7gL3mEZf4gqnzaRgQnUUxgd4pD1YzvoRDwkzJY38KElsS0/s1600/Fiber-Optic-Cable.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><img border="0" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji0BAZscqAyN5ouKsUCot_HmdPglk8AcCEYkHEqGUbRz4RxWtNQSNnuPQsAHiwDvvdHB6qw9Xs0HFECqx70M4P36BNH2u2I7gL3mEZf4gqnzaRgQnUUxgd4pD1YzvoRDwkzJY38KElsS0/s320/Fiber-Optic-Cable.jpg" width="320" /></span></b></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">Optical Fiber cables use
optical fibers that carry digital data signals in the form of modulated pulses
of light. An optical fiber consists of an extremely thin cylinder of glass,
called the core, surrounded by a concentric layer of glass, known as the
cladding. There are two fibers per cable—one to transmit and one to receive.
The core also can be an optical-quality clear plastic, and the cladding can be
made up of gel that reflects signals back into the fiber to reduce signal loss.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">There are two types of
fiber optic cable: Single Mode Fibre (SMF) and Multi Mode Fibre (MMF).<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">1. Single Mode Fibre
(SMF) uses a single ray of light to carry transmission over long distances.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">2. Multi Mode Fibre (MMF)
uses multiple rays of light simultaneously with each ray of light running at a
different reflection angle to carry the transmission over short distances</span></b><span style="color: #666666;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-8280375225087139542012-12-18T03:16:00.000-08:002012-12-18T03:16:30.439-08:00Network Infrastructure Devices <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"> Network Infrastructure
Devices </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;">Hub</span></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJclxdEfua9LnORNCt5vR_CM6-Gp3kZKApjbzWKNNrhiVG_1AUs5EH3fpQ3mCR3LRFdIbfOwLb1qM0ehikRBi2nEJij3nsipoRNi1BWSv390dXB_QLooaMuyqEVouY7-sPR4AeVSCUPsw/s1600/hub.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJclxdEfua9LnORNCt5vR_CM6-Gp3kZKApjbzWKNNrhiVG_1AUs5EH3fpQ3mCR3LRFdIbfOwLb1qM0ehikRBi2nEJij3nsipoRNi1BWSv390dXB_QLooaMuyqEVouY7-sPR4AeVSCUPsw/s320/hub.jpg" width="320" /></span></b></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">Hubs were the common
network infrastructure devices used for LAN connectivity but switches are
rapidly replacing hubs. Hubs function as the central connection point for LANs.
Hubs are designed to work with Twisted pair cabling and normally use RJ45 jack to
connect the devices. Network devices (Servers, Workstations, Printers, Scanners
etc) are attached to the hub by individual network cables. Hubs usually come in
different shapes and different numbers of ports.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">When a hub receives a
packet of data (an</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 7.5pt;">Ethernet frame</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">) at one of its ports
from a network device, it transmits (repeats) the packet to all of its ports to
all of the other network devices. If two network devices on the same network
try to send packets at the same time a collision is said to occur.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">Bridges and
Switchs</span></u></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ3XHkSHESK0DdkjMl3zdF7o3EaIILtnssW0OXk1iF0M0sv61dqjbbruKzj_4Yy87mpGypl15haoQc3bJz7ZIhjorwCcpJIDBjtAbPQqIgo67If9XPBlz86ERjr3W5QcEFFgeu82dGCrU/s1600/cisco-2950-catalist-switch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><img border="0" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ3XHkSHESK0DdkjMl3zdF7o3EaIILtnssW0OXk1iF0M0sv61dqjbbruKzj_4Yy87mpGypl15haoQc3bJz7ZIhjorwCcpJIDBjtAbPQqIgo67If9XPBlz86ERjr3W5QcEFFgeu82dGCrU/s400/cisco-2950-catalist-switch.jpg" width="400" /></span></b></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">A bridge is a network
device that operates at the Data Link layer (Layer 2) of</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 7.5pt; text-decoration: initial;">OSI model</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">. There
are many different types of bridges and include Transparent bridges,
Encapsulation bridges, Source-route bridges. Source-route bridges are for Token
Ring network. Bridges allow segmenting a Local Network into multiple segments,
thus reducing the network traffic. A bridge performs the segmenting function by
examining the</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 7.5pt; text-decoration: initial;">Data Link Layer (Layer
2) data packet (Ethernet Frame)</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">and
forwarding the packet to other physical segments only if necessary. Both
swiches and bridges function using Data Link Layer (Layer 2) addressing system,
also known as</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 7.5pt; text-decoration: initial;">MAC addresses</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">Bridge can connect only a
few Networks, LANs or Hosts. A Bridge has comparatively less ports than a
Switch. A Switch has usually 24 ports or 48 ports. Brides and Switches are
considered to operate at Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 7.5pt; text-decoration: initial;">OSI model</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><u>Router</u></span></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCK9vHz1kLRh6GEG10xB4tnQpHWO5IUuJwLYdXZxUb4kR0TdAElBfTePFgaSR_G7PO03Jm5QPx14_l5gs_CPQCGx-lHEeBCc3uSnqqWKf7TqN3cLVgkflPkypbSZXcWUvDeQB4uKvOA9M/s1600/prod_large_photo0900aecd8016fb47.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><img border="0" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCK9vHz1kLRh6GEG10xB4tnQpHWO5IUuJwLYdXZxUb4kR0TdAElBfTePFgaSR_G7PO03Jm5QPx14_l5gs_CPQCGx-lHEeBCc3uSnqqWKf7TqN3cLVgkflPkypbSZXcWUvDeQB4uKvOA9M/s400/prod_large_photo0900aecd8016fb47.jpg" width="400" /></span></b></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">A router is another
network infrastructure device that directs packets through the network based on
information from Network Layer (Layer 3) of</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 7.5pt; text-decoration: initial;">OSI model</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">. A
router uses a combination of hardware and software to "route" data
from its source to its destination. A router can be configured to route data
packets from different network protocols, like TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, and AppleTalk.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Routers segment large networks into logical segments called subnets. The
division of the network is based on the</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: initial;">Layer
3 addressing system</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;">,
like IP addresses. If the Network Layer (Layer 3) Data packet (</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: initial;">IP
Datagram</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;">) is addressed to another
device on the local subnet, the packet does not cross the router and create a
traffic congestion problem in another network. If data is addressed to a
computer outside the subnet, the router forwards the data to the addressed
network. Thus routing of network data helps conserve network bandwidth.</span></span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com14tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-57331073958862847342012-12-18T03:06:00.001-08:002012-12-18T03:06:32.434-08:00Mesh, Ring and Hybrid Topologies<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"> Mesh, Ring and Hybrid
Topologies</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #783f04;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Mesh
Topology</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjGKNs1cpPRAl3VEfv26Xlm2MdcQRln27CIbYcrtdH8As2gNrwvEgG7N_sgFDENcZxlUyKIrXVx02gx4Tc7Z7CFb3p_mSjVTMvQ0DHXOCQvs3UnSeCkxpXS44euM8N5RBOQMGWJSW5oJk/s1600/Mesh-Topology.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjGKNs1cpPRAl3VEfv26Xlm2MdcQRln27CIbYcrtdH8As2gNrwvEgG7N_sgFDENcZxlUyKIrXVx02gx4Tc7Z7CFb3p_mSjVTMvQ0DHXOCQvs3UnSeCkxpXS44euM8N5RBOQMGWJSW5oJk/s320/Mesh-Topology.jpg" width="288" /></span></b></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">Mesh Topology is not
commonly used these days. In Mesh topology, every network device is connected
to other network devices. Mesh topology is costly because of the extra cables
needed and it is very complex and difficult to manage.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #783f04;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Ring
Topology</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwcz6gWHF8dpfz8MTC9AtN3DGxTHmeQaGbQVynbf4K6SOOEst9I1Vc4TE81g2bPtnVk2MPbP-vR5jDGjskWQnrYe_D1aciw_Temdl6lM9Fc5K4McwOMYE1se-IbG_tZvD8mXWbgOdS_cs/s1600/ring-topology2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwcz6gWHF8dpfz8MTC9AtN3DGxTHmeQaGbQVynbf4K6SOOEst9I1Vc4TE81g2bPtnVk2MPbP-vR5jDGjskWQnrYe_D1aciw_Temdl6lM9Fc5K4McwOMYE1se-IbG_tZvD8mXWbgOdS_cs/s320/ring-topology2.png" width="320" /></span></b></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">In a ring topology, all
computers are connected via a cable that loops in a ring or circle. A ring
topology is a circle that has no start and no end and terminators are not
necessary in a ring topology. Signals travel in one direction on a ring while
they are passed from one computer to the next, with each computer regenerating
the signal so that it may travel the distance required. Main advantage of Ring
topology is that the signal degeneration is low since each workstation
participating in the network is responsible for regenerating the weak signal.
Disadvantage is if one workstation fails, entire network will fail.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #783f04;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Hybrid
Topology</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMcZZiwj2Fy-PO9FEFDBlRBbm3wxdamsOkw7jYDcX1XXr97N2ZNHxu1Qny9bSFdZI3Y3wtI7BugYlUpLb7WenFejN58WXOYfuTF-8D2HcZhNOrC52cVJ88mFV5NT7E5UPVTjwCoibraus/s1600/hybrid_topology_diagram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><img border="0" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMcZZiwj2Fy-PO9FEFDBlRBbm3wxdamsOkw7jYDcX1XXr97N2ZNHxu1Qny9bSFdZI3Y3wtI7BugYlUpLb7WenFejN58WXOYfuTF-8D2HcZhNOrC52cVJ88mFV5NT7E5UPVTjwCoibraus/s320/hybrid_topology_diagram.jpg" width="320" /></span></b></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">Hybrid topology is a mixture of different topologies. Example is
star-bus topology.</span></b></span><br />
<br />
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-25333546415869829462012-12-18T03:02:00.002-08:002012-12-18T03:02:09.296-08:00Star Topology<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Star Topology</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh76LXkdNfmdW0r_TNmBGTmgsr6V0o75x3mbQaS5m3PqAAGjFoHLNfPWJoQJYrwidNcNlM7CNo2aS1kdTtcF6bP39LPTM_8Z5AdYaNj4T-BUXxvg7ZwcuGbdrp4o6Ok9eU9xFI7tMSehG4/s1600/Star-Network-Topology.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><img border="0" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh76LXkdNfmdW0r_TNmBGTmgsr6V0o75x3mbQaS5m3PqAAGjFoHLNfPWJoQJYrwidNcNlM7CNo2aS1kdTtcF6bP39LPTM_8Z5AdYaNj4T-BUXxvg7ZwcuGbdrp4o6Ok9eU9xFI7tMSehG4/s320/Star-Network-Topology.png" width="320" /></span></b></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></div>
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;">A star topology is designed with each node (like workstations, printers,
laptops servers etc.,) connected directly to a central network hub/switch. Each
workstation has a cable that goes from the network card to network</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">hub</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;">or</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">switch.</span></span></span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></span>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #783f04;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Advantages
of Star Topology</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">•</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">Easy to install and wire.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">•</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">No disruptions to the network then connecting or removing
devices.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">•</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #783f04;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Disadvantages
of Star Topology</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">•</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">Requires more cable length than a linear topology.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">•</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">If the hub fails, nodes attached are disabled.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;">•</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;">More
expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the devices.</span></span></b><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-51480669972706817792012-12-18T02:59:00.000-08:002012-12-18T02:59:05.659-08:00Bus Topology<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #783f04;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Bus
Topology</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBj4H34Ol2IzJXO2x9kwireN10qCyqHrcyAXiUlrH2-CPYtGwo53csURmTWK6gMdpTwUv_9pcUMYQckYuSPIt1mKAfFh1AKuMIctj-MUi3_SqvXxxtQwiqCdThIpuv0GPBIerSEakW4kA/s1600/bus.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><img border="0" height="165" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBj4H34Ol2IzJXO2x9kwireN10qCyqHrcyAXiUlrH2-CPYtGwo53csURmTWK6gMdpTwUv_9pcUMYQckYuSPIt1mKAfFh1AKuMIctj-MUi3_SqvXxxtQwiqCdThIpuv0GPBIerSEakW4kA/s320/bus.gif" width="320" /></span></b></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">A bus topology consists
of a main run of cable with a terminator at each end. All nodes like
workstations, printers, laptops servers etc., are connected to the linear
cable. The terminator is used to absorb the signal when the signal reaches the
end, preventing signal bounce. When using bus topology, when a computer sends out
a signal, the signal travels the cable length in both directions from the
sending computer. When the signal reaches the end of the cable length, it
bounces back and returns in the direction it came from. This is known as signal
bounce. Signal bounce will create problem in network, because if another signal
is sent on the cable length at the same time, the two signals will collide.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #783f04;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Advantages
of Bus Topology</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">•</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> Easy
to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">•</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">Requires less cable length than a star topology.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #783f04;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Disadvantages
of Bus Topology</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><u><br /></u></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">•</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> Entire
network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable.</span><br /><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11px;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">•</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.</span><br /><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11px;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">•</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts
down.</span><br /><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11px;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">•</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution.</span></span></b></div>
<br />
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-50624465316874431562012-12-18T02:55:00.003-08:002012-12-18T02:55:36.259-08:00Network Topologies <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 12px;"><b><span style="font-size: 11px;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 12px;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"> Network Topologies:- </span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 12px;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBlbx0uiIBsaymUbTbpSO6pN1If6Xcf5jhIcPawXUs4PJhnHezeEKgdyJf1FwyTw9e3ehyphenhyphen_m1Oipqaa57FKaNQ6AS7HzjPuDgLWIhR5dGw-Uc-cZvZI-gBVMB-co_gYHnCSfhm44tS47w/s1600/network-topology.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><img border="0" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBlbx0uiIBsaymUbTbpSO6pN1If6Xcf5jhIcPawXUs4PJhnHezeEKgdyJf1FwyTw9e3ehyphenhyphen_m1Oipqaa57FKaNQ6AS7HzjPuDgLWIhR5dGw-Uc-cZvZI-gBVMB-co_gYHnCSfhm44tS47w/s320/network-topology.jpg" width="320" /></span></b></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></span>
<span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>A network topology is the
physical layout of computers, cables, and other components on a network.</b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><b> There
are a number of different network topologies, and a network may be built using
multiple topologies.</b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> The different types of network layouts are Bus topology,</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Star topology</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;">,</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Mesh topology</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;">,</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Ring topology</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;">,</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Hybrid topology</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;">and
Wireless topology. </span></b></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-34273339855380496552012-12-18T02:52:00.001-08:002012-12-18T02:52:04.265-08:00Need of Computer Networks<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;"> Why we need computer
networks</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>Computer networks help
users on the network to share the resources and in communication. Can you
imagine a world now without emails, online news papers, blogs, chat and the
other services offered by the internet?<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>The following are the
important benefits of a computer network.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;">File
sharing:</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLlsqoomq_8-_T_9PN-04Rxtm1TVcspQ3RB8Y93QXGj3fgazp_0W1KOivzmx2P6GSNOpzXabYUuNkmH7J0EGnE4FB-ibr6RsO071ePQrKDVNq8dYahq4arvzryg7R7CF8FdgOj_iuV9L8/s1600/fileshareconnect.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLlsqoomq_8-_T_9PN-04Rxtm1TVcspQ3RB8Y93QXGj3fgazp_0W1KOivzmx2P6GSNOpzXabYUuNkmH7J0EGnE4FB-ibr6RsO071ePQrKDVNq8dYahq4arvzryg7R7CF8FdgOj_iuV9L8/s320/fileshareconnect.png" width="320" /></b></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">Networking
of computers helps the users to share data files.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;">Hardware
sharing:</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9pLAkcr8kkb80Z5zEohwPFjdtKxvVcWzRtsIEDYHaNiWLWvgTGyF2xHG6iPFl9Y-shL_mRXjnQPJXUey2LKEPjwcA8haZ4cfASYniLGIHSBpNBpkZMX3SFxMWSBxY5zAGSCF5tsIlAac/s1600/415sharinghardware_clip_image002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9pLAkcr8kkb80Z5zEohwPFjdtKxvVcWzRtsIEDYHaNiWLWvgTGyF2xHG6iPFl9Y-shL_mRXjnQPJXUey2LKEPjwcA8haZ4cfASYniLGIHSBpNBpkZMX3SFxMWSBxY5zAGSCF5tsIlAac/s320/415sharinghardware_clip_image002.jpg" width="320" /></b></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">Users
can share devices such as printers, scanners, CD-ROM drives, hard drives etc.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">Application
sharing:</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1tdmXyTAMA-VqYphI1fdxyr9RRlDy9izNaRnPyX0v0FQmi2fIBf0qmDD6PcSfMk5fAnj6A8Awf8I9nxaZykz6bwCE69lzYOJBtFPFU55uoZnoZJHlBUvUR2C3CM4A4cJKBzEArmWkM4Y/s1600/application_sharing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1tdmXyTAMA-VqYphI1fdxyr9RRlDy9izNaRnPyX0v0FQmi2fIBf0qmDD6PcSfMk5fAnj6A8Awf8I9nxaZykz6bwCE69lzYOJBtFPFU55uoZnoZJHlBUvUR2C3CM4A4cJKBzEArmWkM4Y/s1600/application_sharing.jpg" /></b></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>Applications
can be shared over the network, and this allows to implement client/server
applications<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">User
communication:</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Sxfm8MQK8bYSCZjRDp9oyGnxa3UWoDkbfwVb_7NUohcutLNXSObM3_oEu7bImEH33T7lQIAC-HWKES7SUqCZUoAPLFG96ZxxCN-rtOyY2jhrE8Gpi_a69yGfgJZDpcLV7OtI9-x38oo/s1600/Unified-Communication-Solution.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Sxfm8MQK8bYSCZjRDp9oyGnxa3UWoDkbfwVb_7NUohcutLNXSObM3_oEu7bImEH33T7lQIAC-HWKES7SUqCZUoAPLFG96ZxxCN-rtOyY2jhrE8Gpi_a69yGfgJZDpcLV7OtI9-x38oo/s320/Unified-Communication-Solution.jpg" width="320" /></b></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>Networks
allow users to communicate using e-mail, newsgroups, and video conferencing
etc.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;">Network
gaming:</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTMjX4JP_1pkP7iWFvSibbfkgJVgXl0iilHCOlKoOvU4AWvXTy1zUc6JPDtC3NWhNwXTRT3qY8rmKdLcwFs2_1bn1niv-UnPSHl8tvUNXb01lv6rPam0nYiftOMfjOemZ3e4hoN4cMqvU/s1600/online-gaming.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTMjX4JP_1pkP7iWFvSibbfkgJVgXl0iilHCOlKoOvU4AWvXTy1zUc6JPDtC3NWhNwXTRT3qY8rmKdLcwFs2_1bn1niv-UnPSHl8tvUNXb01lv6rPam0nYiftOMfjOemZ3e4hoN4cMqvU/s320/online-gaming.jpg" width="320" /></b></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #783f04;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Lot of games are available, which are supports multi-users.</span></b></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-15633629610586015252012-12-18T02:42:00.001-08:002012-12-18T02:42:52.060-08:00Logical Classification of Networks and Servers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;">A
network can be divided into two categories. </span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;">1) Peer-to-Peer. </span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcg3vWQF8VVhvDl5_yF_OB-Gz6gPFNuExj3bARsIboPfmHuwNSFb0DB2mBD01pOzGbAMaqYf_0r24Y8P4PsGAQuZe27oRIefxXB2wm91mjmaaINy-ZeC8gwhCDCnk9mNRCgGLrL4AbVvw/s1600/peertopeer.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcg3vWQF8VVhvDl5_yF_OB-Gz6gPFNuExj3bARsIboPfmHuwNSFb0DB2mBD01pOzGbAMaqYf_0r24Y8P4PsGAQuZe27oRIefxXB2wm91mjmaaINy-ZeC8gwhCDCnk9mNRCgGLrL4AbVvw/s320/peertopeer.png" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;">1) <u>Peer-to-Peer.</u> A
Peer-to-Peer network has no dedicated servers. Here a number of workstations
are connected together for the purpose of sharing information or devices. All
the workstations are considered as equal. Any one computer can act as client or
server at any instance. This network is ideal for small networks where there is
no need for dedicated servers, like home network or small business
establishments or shops. The Microsoft term for peer-to-peer network is
“Workgroup”. Typically a workgroup contain less than 10 workstations. Normal
workstation operating systems are Windows 95/98, ME, XP, NT Workstation, 2000
professional, Vista, RHEL Workstation etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;">2) Client-Server.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVEq7MOaxCyOAf30_W0bqBKVzS_i7HMpSfIRjyLAo7lLjlvj7NX-I0MBFSmC9YPUesBgMPho0yogUHfnTnkY-DpnFf-I81kE_9OJ_FpzmNrAYxM8mT1wD9ruEq5Y-bCJ0m_Jq1d5wJP9k/s1600/ipt+diagram+client+server.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><img border="0" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVEq7MOaxCyOAf30_W0bqBKVzS_i7HMpSfIRjyLAo7lLjlvj7NX-I0MBFSmC9YPUesBgMPho0yogUHfnTnkY-DpnFf-I81kE_9OJ_FpzmNrAYxM8mT1wD9ruEq5Y-bCJ0m_Jq1d5wJP9k/s320/ipt+diagram+client+server.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;">2) <u>Client-Server.</u> The
client/server model consists of high-end servers serving clients continuously
on a network, by providing them with specific services upon request.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"> The
classifications for servers are<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;">File Server:-</span></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU5UX2G0PWlWxYNNm4fiBGLb9fq6ERw1BZLG21rgJLUISizrwEXiDGDZ94SpYQy0Ldcq0xol7NlMpeU9kfCJl3DQwgpDZi__Oh40Y9mpB0h046D5pP_MOHWl8maIHAUYB7DZYfvHxwums/s1600/image003.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU5UX2G0PWlWxYNNm4fiBGLb9fq6ERw1BZLG21rgJLUISizrwEXiDGDZ94SpYQy0Ldcq0xol7NlMpeU9kfCJl3DQwgpDZi__Oh40Y9mpB0h046D5pP_MOHWl8maIHAUYB7DZYfvHxwums/s320/image003.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;">File server, can be used to store the client documents and files
centrally. An ideal file server should have large amount of memory, fast
hard-disks, multiple processors, fast network adapters, redundant power
supplies etc.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;">Print Servers:-</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuNcuEzJZ7NVjQHdaQFrFCJvaP-1yg4DVVedoemzlH70h8JcBzRZnlsafAlNA-jt1bhakc_RwM8cEGUYW8WHzzQh89UlXyQfmnNjbSN6R-5V1GKZCuj5uT5Iq3Lw8lr3MepLKqg7Gf3KE/s1600/print-server-flow-a2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuNcuEzJZ7NVjQHdaQFrFCJvaP-1yg4DVVedoemzlH70h8JcBzRZnlsafAlNA-jt1bhakc_RwM8cEGUYW8WHzzQh89UlXyQfmnNjbSN6R-5V1GKZCuj5uT5Iq3Lw8lr3MepLKqg7Gf3KE/s1600/print-server-flow-a2.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;">Print server, which redirects print jobs from clients to specific
printers.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;">Application Servers:-</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9DU158oJHS_SsO0ctizwk-tU-D1NE-Rnt8X0xZdq1lI1jNSBKtupWL8RRfZ5RWYVl18tkDjDf7bjHAPTuWZrTKh7kwGu5QexXlmMwP-ZMwAs5titggSgM_o0MlewxZX2Km5UPIbiiylE/s1600/appserver.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><img border="0" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9DU158oJHS_SsO0ctizwk-tU-D1NE-Rnt8X0xZdq1lI1jNSBKtupWL8RRfZ5RWYVl18tkDjDf7bjHAPTuWZrTKh7kwGu5QexXlmMwP-ZMwAs5titggSgM_o0MlewxZX2Km5UPIbiiylE/s320/appserver.gif" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;">Application
server, which allows clients to run certain programs on the server, and enables
multiple users to common applications across the network. Typically Application
Servers run business logic. Which means, every business is different and the
Application Server is the Server Software which controls the business process.
Examples for Application Servers are SAP BASIS, WebLogic, WebSphere etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;">Database Servers:-</span></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmUQ5i7QDn7DGq7PxEbUXRy7RNSpK0tXHyOarFsHqW0YXl8ptNOp5U7kGKLTfWIO0Y6SIsJ5CgPNz061KKBxYIUKCIEvUYGHx5c22GpS45Rf158SZfmMY-r17IvVe84nYoIFHEWlUX_08/s1600/haovw004.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><img border="0" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmUQ5i7QDn7DGq7PxEbUXRy7RNSpK0tXHyOarFsHqW0YXl8ptNOp5U7kGKLTfWIO0Y6SIsJ5CgPNz061KKBxYIUKCIEvUYGHx5c22GpS45Rf158SZfmMY-r17IvVe84nYoIFHEWlUX_08/s320/haovw004.gif" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;">Database
server, which allows authorized clients to view, modify and/or delete data in a
common database. Examples of Database Management Systems are Oracle 8i/9i/10g,
MS SQL Server 2000/2005/2008, DB2, MySQL etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;">Directory Servers:-</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihkwxBUGYoo94RVO6pOVWkh7X043mPupYtyS8BBwa4gUGd3vdCJT55r-t9Ng8r1FCiEJ13CXOMavA2ZVqaTzUVmN78eMAUpzAETPT4-l69t43-Gx9YELE_rQ9bm7y-Ab-JixaM3LfP3Mk/s1600/large-repl-topology.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihkwxBUGYoo94RVO6pOVWkh7X043mPupYtyS8BBwa4gUGd3vdCJT55r-t9Ng8r1FCiEJ13CXOMavA2ZVqaTzUVmN78eMAUpzAETPT4-l69t43-Gx9YELE_rQ9bm7y-Ab-JixaM3LfP3Mk/s320/large-repl-topology.gif" width="306" /></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;">Directory Servers, which allows the central administration of users and
resources. Examples of Directory Servers are Active Directory, NDS (Novell
Directory Services), Fedora Directory Server, openLDAP etc. </span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></b></div>
<br />
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-11695403788944594212012-12-18T02:17:00.000-08:002012-12-18T02:17:21.880-08:00Introduction to Networking<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;">What is a Network?</span></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnAFSpP1bs6xkZi0JmHpuR4W_NLCST8Sfg1Do25RvL1avTHAvJhS8RT4Y9BwYE_1pS5o7MXmfbgdsqvHSPQ7kShWvIZ6Y2WAvy39I31IoqS3tjyeF1npxo5usEaxHWwOx80y7qzU26F8A/s1600/Entertainment+Network_Full.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnAFSpP1bs6xkZi0JmHpuR4W_NLCST8Sfg1Do25RvL1avTHAvJhS8RT4Y9BwYE_1pS5o7MXmfbgdsqvHSPQ7kShWvIZ6Y2WAvy39I31IoqS3tjyeF1npxo5usEaxHWwOx80y7qzU26F8A/s320/Entertainment+Network_Full.png" width="320" /></b></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #783f04;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;">A
network is a group of computers or computer like devices connected together to
share the resources like file, printer, services etc. A typical network
contains users working at workstations (also
known as client), running client operating systems like Windows XP and store their files
on a central server. The server computer has more resources like memory, disk
space and more processing power compared with client computers. The server
machine also run an Operating System, which has more processing capabilityies
compared with the client machine. The server may be installed with special
software, which is helps it to function as a server. The special software
allows file and print services, serve web pages, transfer emails etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKgIhd7OWXoNU95Se4_yWBv5GuPJkUcvrUHBePLZDmgV69M7INUk00hmbeQJes771xZxM0gQi7_aW3wkOUeciot_2Lm4NnmmxZrxliBOCoYIKYVGFJ-KXVh_A0z_MTg9NI7A9vJHTbtzE/s1600/LAN-MAN-WAN-SmAN-fig2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKgIhd7OWXoNU95Se4_yWBv5GuPJkUcvrUHBePLZDmgV69M7INUk00hmbeQJes771xZxM0gQi7_aW3wkOUeciot_2Lm4NnmmxZrxliBOCoYIKYVGFJ-KXVh_A0z_MTg9NI7A9vJHTbtzE/s320/LAN-MAN-WAN-SmAN-fig2.jpg" width="320" /></b></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;">LAN,
MAN and WAN<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;">Local
Area Network (LAN) is a network, which is limited to a single building, college
campus etc. A Wide Area Network (WAN) spans over multiple geographic locations,
which is composed of multiple LANs. A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) refers to
a network, which is located in a city or metropolitan area. If an organization
has multiple offices in a city, the term that refers the network is called MAN.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;">Internet,
Intranet, Extranet<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia6XkppVw-VmtbStMcQCfaGzwFHerWkHAmdqiagVTA6yqmfNad7kMXCl3KUVOtBDQ4biD_RCdyT9E3-CdKhfcgP2HI03igJNeywtKcBwtARkuRy2LEolFzsVdjM1YoN3t7RjL9VL4fWfQ/s1600/32.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia6XkppVw-VmtbStMcQCfaGzwFHerWkHAmdqiagVTA6yqmfNad7kMXCl3KUVOtBDQ4biD_RCdyT9E3-CdKhfcgP2HI03igJNeywtKcBwtARkuRy2LEolFzsVdjM1YoN3t7RjL9VL4fWfQ/s1600/32.jpg" /></b></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;">• <u>Internet.</u> The
Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible network of interconnected computer
networks that transmit data using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). The
terms World Wide Web (WWW) and Internet are not the same. The Internet is a
collection of interconnected computer networks, linked by copper wires,
fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, etc. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIeKnv4eX08h3HbiHNcUDd0-iTs4091CJRyIS5kt01VnGsfdbmqtaJE6dSLv31dEJg9SKnfZCaqjLcEK74SuX1QmftBXKj033pgFnFMMcpMfJ8CZB7AgeEMpqBz4z4jjzjKxgCsG8iSVg/s1600/social-intranet.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><img border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIeKnv4eX08h3HbiHNcUDd0-iTs4091CJRyIS5kt01VnGsfdbmqtaJE6dSLv31dEJg9SKnfZCaqjLcEK74SuX1QmftBXKj033pgFnFMMcpMfJ8CZB7AgeEMpqBz4z4jjzjKxgCsG8iSVg/s320/social-intranet.gif" width="320" /></b></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br />
• <u>Intranet.</u> An intranet is a private network that is contained
within an enterprise. It may consist of many interlinked local area networks
and also use leased lines in the wide area network. The main purpose of an
intranet is to share company information and computing resources among
employees.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYjDBduT20J12qmA7I53Hgg1XI1GRTrsJKdD9UeLHf5jF_klNN2xl7eh4pyODZ454V6EdjroprqJDiZyr6RxpwWaeQaL7HQvDKLl96nq2C51IpVf6FPxg85S_ofMbBloaFF-yG7NeALKA/s1600/1-6.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYjDBduT20J12qmA7I53Hgg1XI1GRTrsJKdD9UeLHf5jF_klNN2xl7eh4pyODZ454V6EdjroprqJDiZyr6RxpwWaeQaL7HQvDKLl96nq2C51IpVf6FPxg85S_ofMbBloaFF-yG7NeALKA/s1600/1-6.gif" /></b></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #783f04;">• <u>Extranet.</u> An
extranet can be viewed as part of a company's intranet that is extended to
users outside the company like suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or
other businesses.</span><span style="color: #666666;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<br />
<br />
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-26830910912375451642012-12-18T01:59:00.000-08:002012-12-18T01:59:28.134-08:00New Networking Session<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #783f04;">The New-Networking Session is now ready for share at Computer-Networking Blog..</span></b><br />
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b>
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #783f04;">Visitors from all over the World are Warmly Wel-come to Visit and Share Networking Information With Every 1.....</span></b><br />
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b>
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #783f04;">Here Information Will Started From Basics and then move toward to Advance Level.</span></b><br />
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9UNPevFgqGKUXUZJQNWBynemOwuOLZnA4bt_UmcSO60du8FdNw3Bxv04D07zue-20u5C-MRzSM1XLsqaBsgMoiU62fO7DXa52VETUgdEt_IEq-K3qU8fTy2gTcBw3weoPOhDvK5GMk2E/s1600/networking.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9UNPevFgqGKUXUZJQNWBynemOwuOLZnA4bt_UmcSO60du8FdNw3Bxv04D07zue-20u5C-MRzSM1XLsqaBsgMoiU62fO7DXa52VETUgdEt_IEq-K3qU8fTy2gTcBw3weoPOhDvK5GMk2E/s320/networking.gif" width="320" /></span></b></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #783f04;">So be a part of Computer-Networking Blog and Enjoy the Whole Knowledge at your Own Pace.</span></b></div>
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b>
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-4516343492824199542011-12-30T22:06:00.000-08:002011-12-30T22:06:12.649-08:00New-Networking Session<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><b>Soon,</b><br />
<b>We are Going to Launch New-Networking Session.</b><br />
<img height="240" src="http://broadop.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/computer-networking.jpg" width="320" /> <br />
<br />
<b>In this new session we will study each and every thing about Computer-Networking in much detail so it is easy for every 1 to understand and study at their own pace.</b><br />
<b>So be ready for this new session....</b></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-24850386870545859862011-11-22T08:45:00.000-08:002011-11-22T08:45:08.507-08:00Two Main Networks Types.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Networks fall into two major types:</b></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><br />
</b></span><br />
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.peer-to-peer 2.</span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">client/server</span></b><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><br />
<img src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSfo9OO-HGbvNS-vxm0KZuxJ68TuUwcfokBjYRznyiGiXnyeZ_o" /> <br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>So We Shall Discuess these two Types in detail:</b></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><br />
</b></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>An over view of this file is:</b></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><br />
</b></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><b><span lang="EN-GB"></span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b>Network Types</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b>Peer-to-Peer Networking</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><br />
</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b>Client/Server Networks</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><br />
</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b>Advantages</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><br />
</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b>Disadvantages</b></span></span><br />
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><br />
</b></div><div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Download Link:</b></div><div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/17479272/NetworkTypes.docx.html">http://www.ziddu.com/download/17479272/NetworkTypes.docx.html</a></div><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></span><br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-52211429628901963762011-11-22T08:21:00.000-08:002011-11-22T08:21:53.287-08:00Brief Introduction to TCP/IP<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><b>The Most Common Areas are Covered in this File about TCP/IP.</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>Some of them are:</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<br />
<b>Introduction to TCP/IP</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>Network of Lowest Bidders</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>Addresses</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>Subnets</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>Undiagnosed Problems</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<div><img src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQZAEb4wvb6vAz8uS9xksOQKEcFWRlxcIRplosyRkGFW9XtsbJPNA" /> </div><div><br />
</div><div><b>Download Link:</b></div><div><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/17478960/IntroductiontoTCP.docx.html"><b>http://www.ziddu.com/download/17478960/IntroductiontoTCP.docx.html</b></a></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-54528289497547314342011-10-15T15:55:00.000-07:002011-10-15T15:56:41.175-07:00Routers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt;"><br />
</span></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt;"><img src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRXeRyhYUuj85AmBfVKvgSx2CqfIXR6pncoQabX38s3ZleA5pNS" /></span></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt;">Routers</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><b></b></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><b></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><b><div style="line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri;"><div style="line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><div style="line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><br />
<div style="line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt;">In<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>packet-switched<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>networks such as the Internet, a router is a device or, in some cases, software in a computer, that determines the next network point to which a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>packet<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>should be forwarded toward its destination. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt;">The router is connected to at least two networks and decides which way to send each information packet based on its current understanding of the state of the networks it is connected to. A router is located at any<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>gateway<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(where one network meets another), including each<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>point-of-presence<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>on the Internet. A router is often included as part of a network<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>switch.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">A router may create or maintain a table of the available routes and their conditions and use this information along with distance and cost algorithms to determine the best route for.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt;">a given packet. Typically, a packet may travel through a number of network points with routers before arriving at its destination. Routing is a function associated with the Network layer<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(layer 3) in the standard model of network programming, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. A layer-3 switch is a switch that can perform routing functions.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt;">An<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>edge router<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is a router that interfaces with an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network. A<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>brouter<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is a network<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>bridge<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>combined with a router.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt;">For home and business computer users who have high-speed Internet connections such as cable, satellite, or DSL, a router can act as a hardware<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>firewall. This is true even if the home or business has only one computer. Many engineers believe that the use of a router provides better protection against hacking than a software firewall, because no computer Internet Protocol address are directly exposed to the Internet. This makes<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>port scans (a technique for exploring weaknesses) essentially impossible. In addition, a router does not consume computer resources as a software firewall does. Commercially manufactured routers are easy to install, reasonably priced, and available for hard-wired or wireless networks.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div><div style="line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><img src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQNe3APaSyD3GFRn8qNqRjzfGs2zy_dDyZAhT_EkLJH2M0OU3CWwg" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><img src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSnZQXYy__BBdm6PSkAmIteu7hnmRg0W5Fn1FdL2-CfFfUriWuY" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></b></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-63579742909798592172011-10-15T15:49:00.000-07:002011-10-15T15:49:59.163-07:00Switches<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><img src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSjdG70hHvuYukk5kabHAelGXC0dNb5Fwg1Kd7MlMc0rBGbi0BX" /></span></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><br />
</span></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;">Switches</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>A</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>network switch</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>is a device that forwards and filters</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>OSI layer 2</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>datagrams</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>(chunks of data communication) between ports (connected cables) based on the MAC addresses in the packets.</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>A switch is distinct from a hub in that it only forwards the frames to the ports involved in the communication rather than all ports connected. A switch breaks the collision domain but represents itself as a broadcast domain. Switches make forwarding decisions of frames on the basis of MAC addresses. A switch normally has numerous ports, facilitating a star topology for devices, and cascading additional switches.</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Some switches are capable of routing based on Layer 3 addressing or additional logical levels; these are called multi-layer switches. The term</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><i><b>switch</b></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>is used loosely in marketing to encompass devices including routers and bridges, as well as devices that may distribute traffic on load or by application content (e.g., a Web</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>URL identifier)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><img src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRXmWLuvGHisz5Gfcb5Z4EkJKvPSJVqVcel526TnPOhMgZrMSc5" /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-41775289327055688592011-10-15T15:47:00.000-07:002011-10-15T15:47:09.347-07:00Bridges<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><img src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTPqjf5BqWYcRBi5FDd1lIOgST-uMhBGbf7CtWYsYOcry1DyUFffA" /></span></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;">Bridges</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>A</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>network bridge</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>connects multiple</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>network segments</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>at the</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>data link layer</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>(layer 2) of the</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>OSI model. Bridges broadcast to all ports except the port on which the broadcast was received. However, bridges do not promiscuously copy traffic to all ports, as hubs do, but learn which</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>MAC addresses</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>are reachable through specific ports. Once the bridge associates a port and an address, it will send traffic for that address to that port only.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>Bridges learn the association of ports and addresses by examining the source address of frames that it sees on various ports. Once a frame arrives through a port, its source address is stored and the bridge assumes that MAC address is associated with that port. The first time that a previously unknown destination address is seen, the bridge will forward the frame to all ports other than the one on which the frame arrived.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>Bridges come in three basic types:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>Local bridges: Directly connect LANs<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>Remote bridges: Can be used to create a wide area network (WAN) link between LANs. Remote bridges, where the connecting link is slower than the end networks, largely have been replaced with routers.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>Wireless bridges: Can be used to join LANs or connect remote stations to LANs.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-42422764172511698592011-10-15T15:44:00.000-07:002011-10-15T15:44:07.844-07:00Repeaters and hubs<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"></h3><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><img src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTrww5k32vwi3Q_z7_Cd0kgxUCurRvL1rTzShHMPqJ-eXxIBUG5" /> </span></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;">Repeaters and hubs</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">A<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>repeater<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is an<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>electronic<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>device that receives a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>signal, cleans it of unnecessary noise, regenerates it, and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>retransmits<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>it at a higher power level, or to the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation. In most twisted pair Ethernet configurations, repeaters are required for cable that runs longer than 100 meters. A repeater with multiple ports is known as a hub. Repeaters work on the Physical Layer of the OSI model. Repeaters require a small amount of time to regenerate the signal. This can cause a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>propagation delay<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>which can affect network communication when there are several repeaters in a row. Many network architectures limit the number of repeaters that can be used in a row (e.g. Ethernet's<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>5-4-3 rule).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">Today, repeaters and hubs have been made mostly obsolete by switches<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><img src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQKAG-EKVFGeyWEyNJreR6J1T42yDQlX48uMBIESJrTpMWP-G23" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-74300052112498121832011-10-15T15:40:00.000-07:002011-10-15T15:40:23.534-07:00Network interface cards<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><br />
</span></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><img src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTVmIdNstn3u9wMiR5YYfbCrb7K4-7pXFnnpsnO8X6UjIzdSLy9" /></span></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;">Network interface cards</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>A</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>network card, network adapter, or NIC (network interface card) is a piece of</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>computer hardware</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>designed to allow computers to physically access a networking medium. It provides a low-level addressing system through the use of</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>MAC addresses.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>Each</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Ethernet</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>network interface has a unique MAC address which is usually stored in a small memory device on the card, allowing any device to connect to the network without creating an address conflict. Ethernet MAC addresses are composed of six</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>octets. Uniqueness is maintained by the</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>IEEE, which manages the Ethernet address space by assigning 3-octet prefixes to equipment manufacturers. The</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>list of prefixes</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>is publicly available. Each manufacturer is then obliged to both use only their assigned prefix(es) and to uniquely set the 3-octet suffix of every Ethernet interface they produce.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b><img src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRDuCs5kNbtLwD-nCxAgGoMb3pAq1iNzoo5Cse2i94cfKVUkS11" /></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-17217973633550578712011-10-15T15:37:00.000-07:002011-10-15T15:37:03.491-07:00Overlay network<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><br />
</span></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><img src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQjfs-zhBtYIdTA4DNNqBXdyP0Iw5lDMcidghLly7qSMVYxXz5QQw" /></span></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;">Overlay network</span></span></h3><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>An</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>overlay network</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>is a virtual computer network that is built on top of another network. Nodes in the overlay are connected by virtual or logical links, each of which corresponds to a path, perhaps through many physical links, in the underlying network. The topology of the overlay network may (and often does) differ from that of the underlying one.</b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>For example, many</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>peer-to-peer</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>networks are overlay networks because they are organized as nodes of a virtual system of links run on top of the Internet. The Internet was initially built as an overlay on the</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>telephone network</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>The most striking example of an overlay network, however, is the Internet itself: At the IP layer, each node can reach any other by a direct connection to the desired IP address, thereby creating a fully connected network; the underlying network, however, is composed of a mesh-like interconnect of sub networks of varying topologies (and, in fact, technologies).</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Address resolution</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>and</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>routing</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>are the means which allows the mapping of the fully connected IP overlay network to the underlying ones.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>Overlay networks have been around since the invention of networking when computer systems were connected over telephone lines using modems, before any data network existed.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>Another example of an overlay network is a</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>distributed hash table, which maps keys to nodes in the network. In this case, the underlying network is an IP network, and the overlay network is a table (actually map) indexed by keys.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>Overlay networks have also been proposed as a way to improve Internet routing, such as through</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>quality of service</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>guarantees to achieve higher-quality</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>streaming media. Previous proposals such as</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>IntServ,</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>DiffServ, and</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>IP Multicast</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>have not seen wide acceptance largely because they require modification of all</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>routers</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>in the network.On the other hand, an overlay network can be incrementally deployed on end-hosts running the overlay protocol software, without cooperation from</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Internet service providers. The overlay has no control over how packets are routed in the underlying network between two overlay nodes, but it can control, for example, the sequence of overlay nodes a message traverses before reaching its destination.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b><img src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ5CPG1-f209wBFIISbhXFoRnxyTna3odG57zltmGDHLWO5riAtow" /></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-37279371786769408712011-10-15T15:31:00.000-07:002011-10-15T15:31:38.833-07:00Network topologies<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 2.0pt 0in;"> <h2 style="border: none; margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-line-height-alt: 14.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 2.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><img src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQpoUkTagOrQECnK4edjC4q750p5yAOMEQcrtYz19Cxi9wP3_nU" /></span></span></h2><h2 style="border: none; margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-line-height-alt: 14.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 2.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;">Network topology</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>A</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>network topology</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>is the layout of the interconnections of the nodes of a computer network. Common layouts are:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b><img src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQBiRIbzsm-rhtm41Qqiz4nRKHtraCGBq0Pge2mpbIwn44Va7sY" /></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b> </b></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><b>Bus network</b></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>:</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b> all nodes are connected to a common medium along this medium. This was the layout used in the original</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Ethernet, called</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>10BASE5</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>and</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>10BASE2.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b><img src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTskUzBbmas1Nx-W0m61b3C8S0sPGwbrSrFWJzXl8ta76QMTR9Z" /></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b> </b></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><b>Star network</b></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>:</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b> all nodes are connected to a special central node. This is the typical layout found in in a</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Wireless LAN, where each wireless client connects to the central</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Wireless access point.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b><img src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS_bu-5GhXWEqDk8z7BgBgUeylnaMJRWV6WnJ0uDYfuhPQm2H9ubrVhbOFwHw" /></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b> </b></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><b>Ring network</b></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>: </b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>each node is connected to its left and right neighbor node, such that all nodes are connected and that each node can reach each other node by traversing nodes left- or rightwards. The</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Fiber Distributed Data Interface</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>(FDDI) made use of such a topology.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><b><img src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTwZ3JOcMfpNHw3Ow31eSa0rC00LIIpdZKW6u5O27O38UXQMBlpRw" /></b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><b>Mesh network</b></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>:</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b> each node is connected to an arbitrary number of neighbors in such a way that there is at least one traversal from any node to any other.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>A fully connected network: each node is connected to every other node in the network.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>Note that the physical layout of the nodes in a network may not necessarily reflect the network topology. As an example, with FDDI, the network topology is a ring (actually two counter-rotating rings), but the physical topology is a star, because all neighboring connections are routed via a central physical location.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-6963066716987545462011-10-15T15:22:00.000-07:002011-10-15T15:22:23.636-07:00Organizational scope<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 2.0pt 0in;"> <h2 style="border: none; margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-line-height-alt: 14.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 2.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt; font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span></span></h2><h2 style="border: none; margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-line-height-alt: 14.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 2.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt; font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR2BMXSKhhyOopCVudcg9pJozlXbP6UiR4XWyYjtQ1pEhZZTIEh" /></span></span></h2><h2 style="border: none; margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-line-height-alt: 14.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 2.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt; font-weight: normal;">Organizational scope</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>Networks are typically managed by organizations which own them. According to the owner's point of view, networks are seen as intranets or extranets. A special case of network is the</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Internet, which has no single owner but a distinct status when seen by an organizational entity – that of permitting virtually unlimited global connectivity for a great multitude of purposes.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b><img src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS_RoUyA7ryfs3hNX2nBasuVXhpNRFw8lQq-yQ4zWo-4ZTNETBO" /></b></span></div><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Intranets and extranets</span></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>Intranets and extranets are parts or extensions of a computer network, usually a LAN.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>An</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>intranet</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>is a set of networks, using the</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Internet Protocol</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>and IP-based tools such as web browsers and file transfer applications, that is under the control of a single administrative entity. That administrative entity closes the intranet to all but specific, authorized users. Most commonly, an intranet is the internal network of an organization. A large intranet will typically have at least one web server to provide users with organizational information.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>An</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>extranet</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>is a network that is limited in scope to a single organization or entity and also has limited connections to the networks of one or more other usually, but not necessarily, trusted organizations or entities—a company's customers may be given access to some part of its intranet—while at the same time the customers may not be considered</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><i><b>trusted</b></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>from a security standpoint. Technically, an extranet may also be categorized as a CAN, MAN, WAN, or other type of network, although an extranet cannot consist of a single LAN; it must have at least one connection with an external network.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b><img src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQJn6yj9L7oqk7CFOxtD6LrHIB85ntJdA4weang_rvKOrfQFiO4hQ" /></b></span></div><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Internet</span></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>The Internet is a global system of interconnected governmental, academic, corporate, public, and private computer networks. It is based on the networking technologies of the</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Internet Protocol Suite. It is the successor of the</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Advanced Research Projects Agency Network(ARPANET) developed by</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>DARPA</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>of the</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>United States Department of Defense. The Internet is also the communications backbone underlying the</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>World Wide Web</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>(WWW).<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>Participants in the Internet use a diverse array of methods of several hundred documented, and often standardized, protocols compatible with the Internet Protocol Suite and an addressing system (IP addresses) administered by the</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>andaddress registries. Service providers and large enterprises exchange information about the</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>reachability</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>of their address spaces through the</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Border Gateway Protocol</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>(BGP), forming a redundant worldwide mesh of transmission paths.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b><img src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS8iw14ZTup8CccNISb6zrCzJaAqZskdrgEaYa_2fYGpuCITC51" /></b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-83158214055680843322011-10-15T15:09:00.000-07:002011-10-15T15:09:07.004-07:00Types Of Computer Networks.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 17px;"><img src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTJBVvhWOmnri45ewIjaK5ZP9kdDN0-1ie1_ezdesHrfrdUWoLWUw" /></span></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;">Personal area network</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>A</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>personal area network</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>(PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer and different information technological devices close to one person. Some examples of devices that are used in a PAN are personal computers, printers, fax machines, telephones, PDAs, scanners, and even video game consoles. A PAN may include wired and wireless devices. The reach of a PAN typically extends to 10 meters.</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>A wired PAN is usually constructed with USB and Firewire connections while technologies such as Bluetooth and infrared communication typically form a wireless PAN.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p><img src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSSYAgbtVYUKNVKtx5VnpYq1rrnfJvBl9T5kIdTBxzjXwzeqYp97Q" /> </o:p></div><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;">Local area network</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>A</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>local area network</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>(LAN) is a network that connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area such as home, school, computer laboratory, office building, or closely positioned group of buildings. Each computer or device on the network is a node. Current wired LANs are most likely to be based on</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Ethernet</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>technology, although new standards like</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>ITU-T</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>G.hn</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>also provide a way to create a wired LAN using existing home wires (coaxial cables, phone lines and power lines).</b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>All interconnected devices must understand the network layer (layer 3), because they are handling multiple subnets (the different colors). Those inside the library, which have only 10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet connections to the user device and a Gigabit Ethernet connection to the central router, could be called "layer 3 switches" because they only have Ethernet interfaces and must understand</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>IP. It would be more correct to call them access routers, where the router at the top is a distribution router that connects to the Internet and academic networks' customer access routers.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to WANs (Wide Area Networks), include their higher data transfer rates, smaller geographic range, and no need for leased telecommunication lines. Current Ethernet or other</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>IEEE 802.3</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>LAN technologies operate at speeds up to 10 Gbit/s. This is the data transfer rate.</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>IEEE</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>has projects investigating the standardization of 40 and 100 Gbit/s.</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>LANs can be connected to Wide area network by using routers.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b><img src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTkNT8v-PHTylfffLMeHxreBsdOgY1iaMpM-3adJbL4RvtPmlIF2w" /></b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;">Home network</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>A</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>home network</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>is a residential LAN which is used for communication between digital devices typically deployed in the home, usually a small number of personal computers and accessories, such as printers and mobile computing devices. An important function is the sharing of Internet access, often a broadband service through a cable TV or</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Digital Subscriber Line</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>(DSL) provider.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p><img src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTBY_Y3di3dN2c11V2_TUbfNBGoslCGeAShFgjj-GsFsmoGotJu" /></o:p></div><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;">Campus network</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>A</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>campus network</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>is a computer network made up of an interconnection of LANs within a limited geographical area. The networking equipment (switches, routers) and transmission media (optical fiber, copper plant,</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Cat5</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>cabling etc.) are almost entirely owned (by the campus tenant / owner: an enterprise, university, government etc.).<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>In the case of a university campus-based campus network, the network is likely to link a variety of campus buildings including, for example, academic colleges or departments, the university library, and student residence halls</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p><img src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRvikFxuMdsu9S9yORfSgYZW2xRfyQyPoAsmgSX3N10gDN9nZKZ" /> </o:p></div><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;">Backbone network</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>A</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>backbone network</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>is part of a computer network infrastructure that interconnects various pieces of network, providing a path for the exchange of information between different LANs or subnetworks. A backbone can tie together diverse networks in the same building, in different buildings in a campus environment, or over wide areas. Normally, the backbone's capacity is greater than that of the networks connected to it.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>A large corporation which has many locations may have a backbone network that ties all of these locations together, for example, if a server cluster needs to be accessed by different departments of a company which are located at different geographical locations. The equipment which ties these departments together constitute the network backbone.</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Network performance management</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>including network congestion</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>are critical parameters taken into account when designing a network backbone.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>A specific case of a backbone network is the</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Internet backbone, which is the set of wide-area network connections and</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>core routers</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>that interconnect all networks connected to the</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Internet.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p><img src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTEbPP53uSMgTrt-HwKHuOIrHkqJcqi4S4v0Cu3QRPuAynD2j-sVw" /></div><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;">Metropolitan area network</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">A</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">Metropolitan area network</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">(MAN) is a large computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus.</span></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;"><i>A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a</i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;"><i>wide area network (WAN). The term is applied to the interconnection of networks in a city into a single larger network (which may then also offer efficient connection to a wide area network). It is also used to mean the interconnection of several local area networks by bridging them with</i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;"><i>backbone</i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;"><i>lines. The latter usage is also sometimes referred to as a campus network.</i></span></h3><div style="line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><b><i>Examples of metropolitan area networks of various sizes can be found in the metropolitan areas of </i></b><st1:city w:st="on"><b><i>London</i></b></st1:city><b><i>, </i></b><st1:country-region w:st="on"><b><i>England</i></b></st1:country-region><b><i>; </i></b><st1:city w:st="on"><b><i>Lodz</i></b></st1:city><b><i>, </i></b><st1:country-region w:st="on"><b><i>Poland</i></b></st1:country-region><b><i>; and </i></b><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><b><i>Geneva</i></b></st1:city><b><i>, </i></b><st1:country-region w:st="on"><b><i>Switzerland</i></b></st1:country-region></st1:place><b><i>. Large universities also sometimes use the term to describe their networks. A recent trend is the installation of wireless MANs.</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px;"><img src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRp4YGxn2RyNU8l0WD0RnKjVjLViH2axIvVFVjOHhR_IYmu-eLO" /></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;">Wide area network</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">A<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>wide area network<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(WAN) is a computer network that covers a large geographic area such as a city, country, or spans even intercontinental distances, using a communications channel that combines many types of media such as telephone lines, cables, and air waves. A WAN often uses transmission facilities provided by common carriers, such as telephone companies. WAN technologies generally function at the lower three layers of the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>OSI reference model: the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>physical layer, the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>data link layer, and the network layer.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p><img src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSUsdSN4M5IXqkYj_CQsusKr69paRLu4zgEvrvdndlZDkRXYPenNA" /> </o:p></div><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;">Enterprise</span></span></st1:place></st1:city><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"> private network</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>An</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>enterprise private network</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>is a network built by an enterprise to interconnect various company sites, e.g., production sites, head offices, remote offices, shops, in order to share computer resources.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p><img src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT-MTGk8F3wLkZqf1zU7yWwTjAlN7po9c2b6X7sQ1JK4M6U9I4IDg" /></div><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;">Virtual private network:</span></span></h3><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>A</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>virtual private network</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>(VPN) is a computer network in which some of the links between nodes are carried by open connections or virtual circuits in some larger network (e.g., the Internet) instead of by physical wires. The data link layer protocols of the virtual network are said to be tunneled through the larger network when this is the case. One common application is secure communications through the public Internet, but a VPN need not have explicit security features, such as authentication or content encryption. VPNs, for example, can be used to separate the traffic of different user communities over an underlying network with strong security features.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>VPN may have best-effort performance, or may have a defined service level agreement (</b><st1:place w:st="on"><b>SLA</b></st1:place><b>) between the VPN customer and the VPN service provider. Generally, a VPN has a topology more complex than point-to-point.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p><img src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQcPbnyzJJhuC5iw3TkCPT1QrQlm7D5FENDLbR3qIX9574Hr25n" /></div><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;">Internetwork</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>An</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>internet work</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>is the connection of multiple computer networks via a common routing technology using routers. The</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Internet</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>is an aggregation of many connected internet works spanning the</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Earth.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-14238834264233354152011-10-15T14:43:00.000-07:002011-10-15T14:43:15.285-07:00Communications protocols<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 2.0pt 0in;"> <h2 style="border: none; margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-line-height-alt: 14.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 2.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt; font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTheR50MAolYu_IpVeQfqGRuKHFegTeHxbeBJn0PCXNQJbdnwhc" /></span></span></h2><h2 style="border: none; margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-line-height-alt: 14.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 2.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt; font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span></span></h2><h2 style="border: none; margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-line-height-alt: 14.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 2.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt; font-weight: normal;">Communications protocol</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>A communications protocol defines the formats and rules for exchanging information via a network and typically comprises a complete protocol suite</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>which describes the protocols used at various</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>usage levels. An interesting feature of communications protocols is that they may be – and in fact very often are – stacked above each other, which means that one is used to carry the other.</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><i><b>The</b></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>example for this is</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>HTTP running over</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>TCP</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>over</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>IP</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>over</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>IEEE 802.11, where the second and third are members of the</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Internet Protocol Suite, while the last is a member of the</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Ethernet</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>protocol suite. This is the stacking which exists between the</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>wireless router</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>and the home user's personal computer when surfing the World Wide Web.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>Communication protocols have themselves various properties, such as whether they are</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>connection-oriented</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>versus</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>connectionless, whether they use</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>circuit mode</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>or</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>packet switching, or whether they use hierarchical or flat addressing.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>There exist a multitude of communication protocols, a few of which are described below.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p><img src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRneYvbHwkipAisKN8WfHQYT1UXVeVbqDZt2eknpVaPIVTOpkWF" /> </o:p></div><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;">Ethernet</span></span><i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>Ethernet is a family of connectionless protocols used in LANs, described by a set of standards together called</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>IEEE 802</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>published by the</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on"><b>Institute</b></st1:placetype><b> of </b><st1:placename w:st="on"><b>Electrical</b></st1:placename></st1:place><b> and Electronics Engineers. It has a flat addressing scheme and is mostly situated at levels 1 and 2 of the</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>OSI model. For home users today, the most well-known member of this protocol family is</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>IEEE 802.11, otherwise known as</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Wireless LAN(WLAN). However, the complete protocol suite deals with a multitude of networking aspects not only for home use, but especially when the technology is deployed to support a diverse range of business needs.</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>MAC</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>bridging</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>(IEEE 802.1D) deals with the routing of Ethernet packets using a</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Spanning Tree Protocol,</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>IEEE 802.1Q</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>describes</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>V LANs, and</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>IEEE 802.1X</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>defines a port-based</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Network Access Control</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>protocol which forms the basis for the authentication mechanisms used in V LANs, but also found in W LANs – it is what the home user sees when they have to enter a "wireless access key".<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSOgrknerVg8JF10oIFtjfGL3JcCwmFBQOK87ljo_3ooERtleYtXw" /></span> </b></o:p></div><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;">Internet Protocol Suite</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>The</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Internet Protocol Suite, often also called TCP/IP, is the foundation of all modern internetworking. It offers connection-less as well as connection-oriented services over an inherently unreliable network traversed by datagram transmission at the</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Internet protocol</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>(IP) level. At its core, the protocol suite defines the addressing, identification, and routing specification in form of the traditional</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Internet Protocol Version 4</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>(IPv4) and IPv6, the next generation of the protocol with a much enlarged addressing capability.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p><img src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRqdnmt8zJhBEz0bZl3ScGExS5fELgp-2ALVUv9fzqd3OnHFYTQ" /> </o:p></div><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;">Asynchronous Transfer Mode</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a switching technique for telecommunication networks. It uses asynchronous</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>time-division multiplexing</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>and encodes data into small, fixed-sized</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>cells. This differs from other protocols such as the</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Internet Protocol Suite</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>or Ethernet</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>that use variable sized packets or</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>frames. ATM has similarity with both</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>circuit</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>and</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>packet</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>switched networking. This makes it a good choice for a network that must handle both traditional high-throughput data traffic, and real-time,</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>low-latency</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>content such as voice and video. ATM uses a</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>connection-oriented</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>model in which a</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>virtual circuit</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>must be established between two endpoints before the actual data exchange begins.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>While the role of ATM is diminishing in favor of</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>next-generation networks, it still plays a role in the</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>last mile, which is the connection between an</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Internet service provider</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>and the home user. </b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6001489856165127518.post-13895329840622459732011-10-15T14:28:00.000-07:002011-10-15T14:28:19.276-07:00Wireless technologies<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 17px;"><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><img src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRwM3Qy3o1pjLQJ4vbYe4Ai38SRQETdCQ8l3_u6gPYlc5YqITlv" /></span></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><br />
</span></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;">Wireless technologies</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><div><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">Terrestrial<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>microwave</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> – </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">Terrestrial microwaves use Earth-based transmitter and receiver. The equipment looks similar to satellite dishes. Terrestrial microwaves use low-gigahertz range, which limits all communications to line-of-sight. Path between relay stations spaced approx, 48 km (30 mi) apart. Microwave antennas are usually placed on top of buildings, towers, hills, and mountain peaks.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">Communications<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>satellites</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> – </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">The satellites use microwave radio as their telecommunications medium which are not deflected by the Earth's atmosphere. The satellites are stationed in space, typically 35,400 km (22,000 mi) (for geosynchronous satellites) above the equator. These Earth-orbiting systems are capable of receiving and relaying voice, data, and TV signals.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">Cellular and PCS systems</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> – </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">Use several radio communications technologies. The systems are divided to different geographic areas. Each area has a low-power transmitter or radio relay antenna device to relay calls from one area to the next area.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">Wireless LANs</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> –</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Wireless local area network use a high-frequency radio technology similar to digital cellular and a low-frequency radio technology. Wireless LANs use spread spectrum technology to enable communication between multiple devices in a limited area. An example of open-standards wireless radio-wave technology is<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>IEEE 802.11.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">Infrared communication-</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;">Infrared communication </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;">can transmit signals between devices within small distances of typically no more than 10 meters. In most cases,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>line-of-sight propagation<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is used, which limits the physical positioning of communicating devices.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">A<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>global area network<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(GAN)-</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> is a network used for supporting mobile across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc. The key challenge in mobile communications is handing off the user communications from one local coverage area to the next. In IEEE Project 802, this involves a succession of terrestrial<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>wireless LANs.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><img src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRR8xyxh_6wApJGmNTfxiSv0lqTob7gkg2CHNYr2JxUhFcr_fOKCg" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></span></span></h3></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0